Declencion
Indefinite declension
Back-vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
uma |
umat |
a plot of ground |
| genitive |
umań |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
umaneń |
- |
|
| ablative |
umado |
- |
|
| inessive |
umaso |
- |
|
| elative |
umasto |
- |
|
| illative |
umas |
- |
|
| prolative |
umava |
- |
|
| lative |
umav |
- |
|
| translative |
umaks |
- |
|
| equative |
umaška |
- |
|
| abessive |
umavtomo |
- |
|
| comitative |
umanek |
- |
|
Hard consonant stem, San-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
san |
sant |
vein |
| genitive |
sanoń |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
sannëń |
- |
|
| ablative |
sando |
- |
|
| inessive |
sanso |
- |
|
| elative |
sansto |
- |
|
| illative |
sans |
- |
|
| prolative |
sanga |
- |
|
| lative |
sanov |
- |
|
| translative |
sanks |
- |
|
| equative |
sanška |
- |
|
| abessive |
santomo |
- |
|
| comitative |
sanonek |
- |
|
Hard consonant stem, Ilïk-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
ilïk |
ilïkt |
power |
| genitive |
ilïkeń |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
ilïknëń |
- |
|
| ablative |
ilïktë |
- |
|
| inessive |
ilïksë |
- |
|
| elative |
ilïkstë |
- |
|
| lative |
ilïkev |
- |
|
| illative |
ilïks |
- |
|
| prolative |
ilïkka |
- |
|
| translative |
ilïkks |
- |
|
| equative |
ilïkška |
- |
|
| abessive |
ilïktëme |
- |
|
| comitative |
ilïkenek |
- |
|
Front vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
ki |
kiť |
way |
| genitive |
kiń |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
kineń |
- |
|
| ablative |
kide |
- |
|
| inessive |
kisë |
- |
|
| elative |
kistë |
- |
|
| illative |
kis |
- |
|
| prolative |
kijava |
- |
|
| lative |
kiv |
- |
|
| translative |
kiks |
- |
|
| equative |
kiška |
- |
|
| abessive |
kivteme |
- |
|
| comitative |
kinek |
- |
|
Soft consonant stem, Viŕ-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
viŕ |
virť |
forest |
| genitive |
vireń |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
virneń |
- |
|
| ablative |
virde |
- |
|
| inessive |
virsë |
- |
|
| elative |
virstë |
- |
|
| illative |
viŕs |
- |
|
| prolative |
viŕga |
- |
|
| lative |
virev |
- |
|
| translative |
viŕks |
- |
|
| equative |
viŕška |
- |
|
| abessive |
virteme |
- |
|
| comitative |
virenek |
- |
|
Soft consonant stem, Pej-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
pej |
pejť |
tooth |
| genitive |
pejeń |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
pejneń |
- |
|
| ablative |
pejde |
- |
|
| inessive |
pejsë |
- |
|
| elative |
pejstë |
- |
|
| illative |
pejs |
- |
|
| prolative |
pejga |
- |
|
| lative |
pejev |
- |
|
| translative |
pejks |
- |
|
| equative |
pejška |
- |
|
| abessive |
pejteme |
- |
|
| comitative |
pejenek |
- |
|
Soft consonant stem, Riveź-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
riveź |
rivezť |
fox |
| genitive |
rivezeń |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
rivezneń |
- |
|
| ablative |
rivezde |
- |
|
| inessive |
rivezsë |
- |
|
| elative |
rivezstë |
- |
|
| illative |
rivezes |
- |
|
| prolative |
riveźga |
- |
|
| lative |
rivezev |
- |
|
| translative |
rivezeks |
- |
|
| equative |
riveźška |
- |
|
| abessive |
rivezteme |
- |
|
| comitative |
rivezenek |
- |
|
Definite declension
Back-vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative |
umaś |
umatne |
the plot of ground |
| accusative / genitive |
umanť |
umatneń |
|
| dative / allative |
umanteń |
umatneneń |
|
| ablative |
umadonť |
umatnede |
|
| inessive |
umasonť |
umatnesë |
|
| elative |
umastonť |
umatnestë |
|
| illative |
umanteń |
umatneneń |
|
| prolative |
umavanť |
umatneva |
|
| equative |
umaškanť |
umatneška |
|
| abessive |
umavtomonť |
umatnevteme |
|
Front vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative |
kiś |
kitne |
the way |
| accusative / genitive |
kinť |
kitneń |
|
| dative / allative |
kinteń |
kitneneń |
|
| ablative |
kidenť |
kitnede |
|
| inessive |
kisënť |
kitnesë |
|
| elative |
kistënť |
kitnestë |
|
| illative |
kinteń |
kitneneń |
|
| prolative |
kivanť |
kitneva |
|
| equative |
kiškanť |
kitneška |
|
| abessive |
kivtemenť |
kitnevteme |
|
Possessive declension
Back-vowel stem
| Case |
My |
Meaning |
Your |
Meaning |
His/Her |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
umam/uman |
my plot/my plots |
umat |
your plot/plots |
umazo/umanzo |
his plot/his plots |
| genitive / accusative |
uman |
|
umat |
|
umanzo |
|
| dative / allative |
[moń umaneń] |
|
[toń umaneń] |
|
[sonzë umaneń] |
|
| ablative |
umadon |
|
umadot |
|
umadonzo |
|
| inessive |
umason |
|
umasot |
|
umasonzo |
|
| elative |
umaston |
|
umastot |
|
umastonzo |
|
| illative |
umazon |
|
umazot |
|
umazonzo |
|
| prolative |
umavan |
|
umavat |
|
umavanzo |
|
| translative |
umakson |
|
umaksot |
|
umaksonzo |
|
| equative |
umaškan |
|
umaškat |
|
umaškanzo |
|
| abessive |
umavtomon |
|
umavtomot |
|
umavtomonzo |
|
| Case |
Our |
Meaning |
Your |
Meaning |
Their |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative / genitive |
umanok |
our plot/plots |
umank |
your plot/plots |
umast |
their plot/plots |
| dative / allative |
[minek umaneń] |
|
[tïnk umaneń] |
|
[sïnst umaneń] |
|
| ablative |
umadonok |
|
umadonk |
|
umadost |
|
| inessive |
umasonok |
|
umasonk |
|
umasost |
|
| elative |
umastonok |
|
umastonk |
|
umastost |
|
| illative |
umazonok |
|
umazonk |
|
umazost |
|
| prolative |
umavanok |
|
umavank |
|
umavast |
|
| translative |
umaksonok |
|
umaksonk |
|
umaksost |
|
| equative |
umaškanok |
|
umaškank |
|
umaškast |
|
| abessive |
umavtomonok |
|
umavtomonk |
|
umavtomost |
|
Front-vowel stem
| Case |
My |
Meaning |
Your |
Meaning |
His/Her |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
kim/kiń |
my way/ways |
kiť |
your way/ways |
kizë/kinzë |
his way/ways |
| genitive / accusative |
kiń |
|
kiť |
|
kinzë |
|
| dative / allative |
[moń kineń] |
|
[toń kineń] |
|
[sonzë kineń] |
|
| ablative |
kideń |
|
kideť |
|
kidenzë |
|
| inessive |
kisëń |
|
kisëť |
|
kisënzë |
|
| elative |
kistëń |
|
kistëť |
|
kistënzë |
|
| illative |
kizëń |
|
kizëť |
|
kizënzë |
|
| prolative |
kijavan |
|
kijavat |
|
kijavanzo |
|
| translative |
kiksëń |
|
kiksëť |
|
kiksënzë |
|
| equative |
kiškan |
|
kiškat |
|
kiškanzo |
|
| abessive |
kivtemeń |
|
kivtemeť |
|
kivtemenzë |
|
| nominative / accusative / genitive |
kinek |
our way/ways |
kink |
your way/ways |
kist |
their way/ways |
| dative / allative |
[minek kineń] |
|
[tïnk kineń] |
|
[sïnst kineń] |
|
| ablative |
kidenek |
|
kidenk |
|
kidest |
|
| inessive |
kisënek |
|
kisënk |
|
kisëst |
|
| elative |
kistënek |
|
kistënk |
|
kistëst |
|
| illative |
kizënek |
|
kizënk |
|
kizëst |
|
| prolative |
kijavanek |
|
kijavank |
|
kijavast |
|
| translative |
kiksënek |
|
kiksënk |
|
kiksëst |
|
| equative |
kiškanek |
|
kiškank |
|
kiškast |
|
| abessive |
kivtemenek |
|
kivtemenk |
|
kivtemest |
|
Conjugation
Infinitives
First infinitive
The dictionary form of a verb. Always ends with -ms: lovnoms “to read”.
Second infinitive
Used with verbs like karmams “to start”, molems “to go”, tonavtnems “to learn” etc.
It ends with -mo (after back vowel) or -me (after front vowel) added to the verb base: lovnomo “reading”, moleme “going”, tonavtneme “learning”.
Indefinite conjugation
Present
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnan |
a lovnan |
I read |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnat |
a lovnat |
You read |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnï |
a lovnï |
He (she, it) reads |
| 1st plur. |
lovnotano |
a lovnotano |
We read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnotado |
a lovnotado |
You read |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnïť |
a lovnïť |
They read |
Past simple
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnïń |
eziń lovno |
I read |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnïť |
eziť lovno |
You read |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnoś |
eź lovno |
He (she, it) read |
| 1st plur. |
lovnïnek |
ezinek lovno |
We read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnïde |
ezide lovno |
You read |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnosť |
ezť lovno |
They read |
Past progressive
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnïliń |
a lovnïliń |
I was reading |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnïliť |
a lovnïliť |
You was reading |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnïľ |
a lovnïľ |
He (she, it) was reading |
| 1st plur. |
lovnïlinek |
a lovnïlinek |
We were reading |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnïlide |
a lovnïlide |
You were reading |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnïlť |
a lovnïlť |
They were reading |
Future
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
karman lovnomo |
a karman lovnomo |
I will read |
| 2nd sing. |
karmat lovnomo |
a karmat lovnomo |
You will read |
| 3rd sing. |
karmi lovnomo |
a karmi lovnomo |
He (she, it) will read |
| 1st plur. |
karmatano lovnomo |
a karmatano lovnomo |
We will read |
| 2nd plur. |
karmatado lovnomo |
a karmatado lovnomo |
You will read |
| 3rd plur. |
karmiť lovnomo |
a karmiť lovnomo |
They will read |
Subjunctive mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Negative (variant) |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnovliń |
a lovnovliń |
avoliń lovno |
I would read |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnovliť |
a lovnovliť |
avoliť lovno |
You would read |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnovoľ |
a lovnovoľ |
avoľ lovno |
He (she, it) would read |
| 1st plur. |
lovnovlinek |
a lovnovlinek |
avolinek lovno |
We would read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnovlide |
a lovnovlide |
avolide lovno |
You would read |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnovolť |
a lovnovolť |
avolť lovno |
They would read |
Desiderative mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnïksëliń |
a lovnïksëliń |
I wanted to read |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnïkslëjiť |
a lovnïksëliť |
You want to read |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnïksëľ |
a lovnïksëľ |
He (she, it) wanted to read |
| 1st plur. |
lovnïksëlinek |
a lovnïksëlinek |
We wanted to read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnïksëlide |
a lovnïksëlide |
You wanted to read |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnïksëlť |
a lovnïksëlť |
They wanted to read |
Conditional mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnïń-deŕan |
a lovnïń-deŕan |
If I read |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnïń-deŕat |
a lovnïń-deŕat |
If you read |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnïń-deŕaj |
a lovnïń-deŕaj |
If he (she, it) reads |
| 1st plur. |
lovnïń-deŕatano |
a lovnïń-deŕatano |
If we read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnïń-deŕatado |
a lovnïń-deŕatado |
If you read |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnïń-deŕajť |
a lovnïń-deŕajť |
If they read |
Subjunctive conditional mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnïń-deŕavliń |
avoliń lovnïń-deŕa |
If I have read |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnïń-deŕavliť |
avoliť lovnïń-deŕa |
If you have read |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnïń-deŕavoľ |
avoľ lovnïń-deŕa |
If he (she, it) has read |
| 1st plur. |
lovnïń-deŕavlinek |
avolinek lovnïń-deŕa |
If we have read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnïń-deŕavlide |
avolide lovnïń-deŕa |
If you have read |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnïń-deŕavolť |
avolť lovnïń-deŕa |
If they have read |
Optative mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
lovnazan |
iľazan lovno |
Let me read |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnazat |
iľazat lovno |
Let you read |
| 3rd sing. |
lovnazo |
iľazo lovno |
Let him (her, it) read |
| 1st plur. |
lovnazdano |
iľazdano lovno |
Let us read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnazdado |
iľazdado lovno |
Let you read |
| 3rd plur. |
lovnast |
iľast lovno |
Let them read |
Imperative mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 2nd sing. |
lovnok |
iľa lovno |
Read |
| 2nd plur. |
lovnodo |
iľado lovno |
Read |
Definite conjugation
Definite conjugation of verb kundams “to catch”. For example, kundatan means “I catch you (singular)”, kundasa means “I catch him”, kundatadïź means “I catch you (plural)”, kundasïń means “I catch them” and so on.
Present
Me
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
kundasamak |
a kundasamak |
You catch me |
| 3rd sing. |
kundasamam |
a kundasamam |
He (she, it) catches me |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
kundasamiź |
a kundasamiź |
You catch me |
| 3rd plur. |
kundasamiź |
a kundasamiź |
They catch me |
You (singular)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundatan |
a kundatan |
I catch you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
kundatanzat |
a kundatanzat |
He (she, it) catches you |
| 1st plur. |
kundatadïź |
a kundatadïź |
We catch you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
kundatadïź |
a kundatadïź |
They catch you |
Him (her, it)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundasa |
a kundasa |
I catch him (her, it) |
| 2nd sing. |
kundasak |
a kundasak |
You catch him (her, it) |
| 3rd sing. |
kundasï |
a kundasï |
He (she, it) catches him (her, it) |
| 1st plur. |
kundasïnek |
a kundasïnek |
We catch him (her, it) |
| 2nd plur. |
kundasïnk |
a kundasïnk |
You catch him (her, it) |
| 3rd plur. |
kundasïź |
a kundasïź |
They catch him (her, it) |
Us
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
kundasamiź |
a kundasamiź |
You catch us |
| 3rd sing. |
kundasamiź |
a kundasamiź |
He (she, it) catches us |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
kundasamiź |
a kundasamiź |
You catch us |
| 3rd plur. |
kundasamiź |
a kundasamiź |
They catch us |
You (plural)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundatadïź |
a kundatadïź |
I catch you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
kundatadïź |
a kundatadïź |
He (she, it) catches you |
| 1st plur. |
kundatadïź |
a kundatadïź |
We catch you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
kundatadïź |
a kundatadïź |
They catch you |
Them
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundasïń |
a kundasïń |
I catch them |
| 2nd sing. |
kundasïť |
a kundasïť |
You catch them |
| 3rd sing. |
kundasïnze |
a kundasïnze |
He (she, it) catches them |
| 1st plur. |
kundasïnek |
a kundasïnek |
We catch them |
| 2nd plur. |
kundasïnk |
a kundasïnk |
You catch them |
| 3rd plur. |
kundasïź |
a kundasïź |
They catch them |
Past
Me
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
kundïmik |
ezimik kunda |
You caught me |
| 3rd sing. |
kundïmim |
ezimim kunda |
He (she, it) caught me |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
kundïmiź |
ezimiź kunda |
You caught me |
| 3rd plur. |
kundïmiź |
ezimiź kunda |
They caught me |
You (singular)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundïtiń |
ezitiń kunda |
I caught you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
kundïnziť |
ezinziť kunda |
He (she, it) caught you |
| 1st plur. |
kundïdiź |
ezidiź kunda |
We caught you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
kundïdiź |
ezidiź kunda |
They caught you |
Him (her, it)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundïja |
ezija kunda |
I caught him (her, it) |
| 2nd sing. |
kundïk |
ezik kunda |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd sing. |
kundïze |
ezize kunda |
He (she, it) caught him (her, it) |
| 1st plur. |
kundïnek |
ezinek kunda |
We caught him (her, it) |
| 2nd plur. |
kundïnk |
ezink kunda |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd plur. |
kundïź |
eziź kunda |
They caught him (her, it) |
Us
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
kundïmiź |
ezimiź kunda |
You caught us |
| 3rd sing. |
kundïmiź |
ezimiź kunda |
He (she, it) caught us |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
kundïmiź |
ezimiź kunda |
You caught us |
| 3rd plur. |
kundïmiź |
ezimiź kunda |
They caught us |
You (plural)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundïdiź |
ezidiź kunda |
I caught you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
kundïdiź |
ezidiź kunda |
He (she, it) caught you |
| 1st plur. |
kundïdiź |
ezidiź kunda |
We caught you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
kundïdiź |
ezidiź kunda |
They caught you |
Them
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
kundïja |
ezija kunda |
I caught them |
| 2nd sing. |
kundïť |
eziť kunda |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd sing. |
kundïnze |
ezize kunda |
He (she, it) caught him (her, it) |
| 1st plur. |
kundïnek |
ezinek kunda |
We caught him (her, it) |
| 2nd plur. |
kundïnk |
ezink kunda |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd plur. |
kundïź |
eziź kunda |
They caught him (her, it) |