Declencion
Indefinite declension
Back-vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
ума |
умат |
a plot of ground |
| genitive |
умань |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
уманень |
- |
|
| ablative |
умадо |
- |
|
| inessive |
умасо |
- |
|
| elative |
умасто |
- |
|
| illative |
умас |
- |
|
| prolative |
умава |
- |
|
| lative |
умав |
- |
|
| translative |
умакс |
- |
|
| equative |
умашка |
- |
|
| abessive |
умавтомо |
- |
|
| comitative |
уманек |
- |
|
Hard consonant stem, San-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
сан |
сант |
vein |
| genitive |
санонь |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
саннэнь |
- |
|
| ablative |
сандо |
- |
|
| inessive |
сансо |
- |
|
| elative |
сансто |
- |
|
| illative |
санс |
- |
|
| prolative |
санга |
- |
|
| lative |
санов |
- |
|
| translative |
санкс |
- |
|
| equative |
саншка |
- |
|
| abessive |
сантомо |
- |
|
| comitative |
санонек |
- |
|
Hard consonant stem, Ilïk-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
илык |
илыкт |
power |
| genitive |
илыкень |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
илыкнэнь |
- |
|
| ablative |
илыктэ |
- |
|
| inessive |
илыксэ |
- |
|
| elative |
илыкстэ |
- |
|
| lative |
илыкев |
- |
|
| illative |
илыкс |
- |
|
| prolative |
илыкка |
- |
|
| translative |
илыккс |
- |
|
| equative |
илыкшка |
- |
|
| abessive |
илыктэме |
- |
|
| comitative |
илыкенек |
- |
|
Front vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
ки |
кить |
way |
| genitive |
кинь |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
кинень |
- |
|
| ablative |
киде |
- |
|
| inessive |
кисэ |
- |
|
| elative |
кистэ |
- |
|
| illative |
кис |
- |
|
| prolative |
киява |
- |
|
| lative |
кив |
- |
|
| translative |
кикс |
- |
|
| equative |
кишка |
- |
|
| abessive |
кивтеме |
- |
|
| comitative |
кинек |
- |
|
Soft consonant stem, Viř-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
вирь |
вирть |
forest |
| genitive |
вирень |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
вирнень |
- |
|
| ablative |
вирде |
- |
|
| inessive |
вирьсэ |
- |
|
| elative |
вирьстэ |
- |
|
| illative |
вирьс |
- |
|
| prolative |
вирьга |
- |
|
| lative |
вирев |
- |
|
| translative |
вирькс |
- |
|
| equative |
вирьшка |
- |
|
| abessive |
виртеме |
- |
|
| comitative |
виренек |
- |
|
Soft consonant stem, Pej-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
пей |
пейть |
tooth |
| genitive |
пеень |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
пейнень |
- |
|
| ablative |
пейде |
- |
|
| inessive |
пейсэ |
- |
|
| elative |
пейстэ |
- |
|
| illative |
пейс |
- |
|
| prolative |
пейга |
- |
|
| lative |
пеев |
- |
|
| translative |
пейкс |
- |
|
| equative |
пейшка |
- |
|
| abessive |
пейтеме |
- |
|
| comitative |
пеенек |
- |
|
Soft consonant stem, Riveź-type
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
ривезь |
ривезть |
fox |
| genitive |
ривезень |
- |
|
| dative / allative |
ривезнень |
- |
|
| ablative |
ривезде |
- |
|
| inessive |
ривезьсэ |
- |
|
| elative |
ривезьстэ |
- |
|
| illative |
ривезес |
- |
|
| prolative |
ривезьга |
- |
|
| lative |
ривезев |
- |
|
| translative |
ривезекс |
- |
|
| equative |
ривезьшка |
- |
|
| abessive |
ривезьтеме |
- |
|
| comitative |
ривезенек |
- |
|
Definite declension
Back-vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative |
умась |
уматне |
the plot of ground |
| accusative / genitive |
уманть |
уматнень |
|
| dative / allative |
умантень |
уматненень |
|
| ablative |
умадонть |
уматнеде |
|
| inessive |
умасонть |
уматнесэ |
|
| elative |
умастонть |
уматнестэ |
|
| illative |
умантень |
уматненень |
|
| prolative |
умаванть |
уматнева |
|
| equative |
умашканть |
уматнешка |
|
| abessive |
умавтомонть |
уматневтеме |
|
Front vowel stem
| Case |
Singular |
Plural |
Meaning |
| nominative |
кись |
китне |
the way |
| accusative / genitive |
кинть |
китнень |
|
| dative / allative |
кинтень |
китненень |
|
| ablative |
киденть |
китнеде |
|
| inessive |
кисэнть |
китнесэ |
|
| elative |
кистэнть |
китнестэ |
|
| illative |
кинтень |
китненень |
|
| prolative |
киванть |
китнева |
|
| equative |
кишканть |
китнешка |
|
| abessive |
кивтементь |
китневтеме |
|
Possessive declension
Back-vowel stem
| Case |
My |
Meaning |
Your |
Meaning |
His/Her |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
умам/уман |
my plot/my plots |
умат |
your plot/plots |
умазо/уманзо |
his plot/his plots |
| genitive / accusative |
уман |
|
умат |
|
уманзо |
|
| dative / allative |
[монь уманень] |
|
[тонь уманень] |
|
[сонзэ уманень] |
|
| ablative |
умадон |
|
умадот |
|
умадонзо |
|
| inessive |
умасон |
|
умасот |
|
умасонзо |
|
| elative |
умастон |
|
умастот |
|
умастонзо |
|
| illative |
умазон |
|
умазот |
|
умазонзо |
|
| prolative |
умаван |
|
умават |
|
умаванзо |
|
| translative |
умаксон |
|
умаксот |
|
умаксонзо |
|
| equative |
умашкан |
|
умашкат |
|
умашканзо |
|
| abessive |
умавтомон |
|
умавтомот |
|
умавтомонзо |
|
| Case |
Our |
Meaning |
Your |
Meaning |
Their |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative / genitive |
уманoк |
our plot/plots |
уманк |
your plot/plots |
умаст |
their plot/plots |
| dative / allative |
[минек уманень] |
|
[тынк уманень] |
|
[сынст уманень] |
|
| ablative |
умадонoк |
|
умадонк |
|
умадост |
|
| inessive |
умасонoк |
|
умасонк |
|
умасост |
|
| elative |
умастонoк |
|
умастонк |
|
умастост |
|
| illative |
умазонoк |
|
умазонк |
|
умазост |
|
| prolative |
умаванoк |
|
умаванк |
|
умаваст |
|
| translative |
умаксонoк |
|
умаксонк |
|
умаксост |
|
| equative |
умашканoк |
|
умашканк |
|
умашкаст |
|
| abessive |
умавтомонoк |
|
умавтомонк |
|
умавтомост |
|
Front-vowel stem
| Case |
My |
Meaning |
Your |
Meaning |
His/Her |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative |
ким/кинь |
my way/ways |
кить |
your way/ways |
кизэ/кинзэ |
his way/ways |
| genitive / accusative |
кинь |
|
кить |
|
кинзэ |
|
| dative / allative |
[монь кинень] |
|
[тонь кинень] |
|
[сонзэ кинень] |
|
| ablative |
кидень |
|
кидеть |
|
кидензэ |
|
| inessive |
кисэнь |
|
кисэть |
|
кисэнзэ |
|
| elative |
кистэнь |
|
кистэть |
|
кистэнзэ |
|
| illative |
кизэнь |
|
кизэть |
|
кизэнзэ |
|
| prolative |
кияван |
|
кияват |
|
кияванзо |
|
| translative |
киксэнь |
|
киксэть |
|
киксэнзэ |
|
| equative |
кишкан |
|
кишкат |
|
кишканзо |
|
| abessive |
кивтемень |
|
кивтеметь |
|
кивтемензэ |
|
| Case |
Our |
Meaning |
Your |
Meaning |
Their |
Meaning |
| nominative / accusative / genitive |
кинек |
our way/ways |
кинк |
your way/ways |
кист |
their way/ways |
| dative / allative |
[минек кинень] |
|
[тынк кинень] |
|
[сынст кинень] |
|
| ablative |
киденек |
|
киденк |
|
кидест |
|
| inessive |
кисэнек |
|
кисэнк |
|
кисэст |
|
| elative |
кистэнек |
|
кистэнк |
|
кистэст |
|
| illative |
кизэнек |
|
кизэнк |
|
кизэст |
|
| prolative |
кияванек |
|
кияванк |
|
кияваст |
|
| translative |
киксэнек |
|
киксэнк |
|
киксэст |
|
| equative |
кишканек |
|
кишканк |
|
кишкаст |
|
| abessive |
кивтеменек |
|
кивтеменк |
|
кивтемест |
|
Conjugation
Infinitives
First infinitive
The dictionary form of a verb. Always ends with -мс: ловномс “to read”.
Second infinitive
Used with verbs like кармамс “to start”, молемс “to go”, тонавтнемс “to learn”
etc.
It ends with -мо or -ме added to the verb base: ловномо “reading”, молеме “going”,
тонавтнеме “learning”.
Indefinite conjugation
Present
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловнан |
а ловнан |
I read |
| 2nd sing. |
ловнат |
а ловнат |
You read |
| 3rd sing. |
ловны |
а ловны |
He (she, it) reads |
| 1st plur. |
ловнотано |
а ловнотано |
We read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловнотадо |
а ловнотадо |
You read |
| 3rd plur. |
ловныть |
а ловныть |
They read |
Past simple
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловнынь |
эзинь ловно |
I read |
| 2nd sing. |
ловныть |
эзить ловно |
You read |
| 3rd sing. |
ловнось |
эзь ловно |
He (she, it) read |
| 1st plur. |
ловнынек |
эзинек ловно |
We read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловныде |
эзиде ловно |
You read |
| 3rd plur. |
ловность |
эзть ловно |
They read |
Past progressive
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловнылинь |
а ловнылинь |
I was reading |
| 2nd sing. |
ловнылить |
а ловнылить |
You was reading |
| 3rd sing. |
ловныль |
а ловныль |
He (she, it) was reading |
| 1st plur. |
ловнылинек |
а ловнылинек |
We were reading |
| 2nd plur. |
ловнылиде |
а ловнылиде |
You were reading |
| 3rd plur. |
ловныльть |
а ловныльть |
They were reading |
Future
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
карман ловномо |
а карман ловномо |
I will read |
| 2nd sing. |
кармат ловномо |
а кармат ловномо |
You will read |
| 3rd sing. |
карми ловномо |
а карми ловномо |
He (she, it) will read |
| 1st plur. |
карматано ловномо |
а карматано ловномо |
We will read |
| 2nd plur. |
карматадо ловномо |
а карматадо ловномо |
You will read |
| 3rd plur. |
кармить ловномо |
а кармить ловномо |
They will read |
Subjunctive mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Negative (variant) |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловновлинь |
а ловновлинь |
аволинь ловно |
I would read |
| 2nd sing. |
ловновлить |
а ловновлить |
аволить ловно |
You would read |
| 3rd sing. |
ловноволь |
а ловноволь |
аволь ловно |
He (she, it) would read |
| 1st plur. |
ловновлинек |
а ловновлинек |
аволинек ловно |
We would read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловновлиде |
а ловновлиде |
аволиде ловно |
You would read |
| 3rd plur. |
ловновольть |
а ловновольть |
авольть ловно |
They would read |
Desiderative mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловныксэлинь |
а ловныксэлинь |
I wanted to read |
| 2nd sing. |
ловныкслэить |
а ловныксэлить |
You want to read |
| 3rd sing. |
ловныксэль |
а ловныксэль |
He (she, it) wanted to read |
| 1st plur. |
ловныксэлинек |
а ловныксэлинек |
We wanted to read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловныксэлиде |
а ловныксэлиде |
You wanted to read |
| 3rd plur. |
ловныксэльть |
а ловныксэльть |
They wanted to read |
Conditional mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловнындерян |
а ловнындерян |
If I read |
| 2nd sing. |
ловнындерят |
а ловнындерят |
If you read |
| 3rd sing. |
ловнындери |
а ловнындери |
If he (she, it) reads |
| 1st plur. |
ловнындерятано |
а ловнындерятано |
If we read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловнындерятадо |
а ловнындерятадо |
If you read |
| 3rd plur. |
ловнындерить |
а ловнындерить |
If they read |
Subjunctive conditional mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловнындерявлинь |
аволинь ловнындеря |
If I have read |
| 2nd sing. |
ловнындерявлить |
аволить ловнындеря |
If you have read |
| 3rd sing. |
ловнындеряволь |
аволь ловнындеря |
If he (she, it) has read |
| 1st plur. |
ловнындерявлинек |
аволинек ловнындеря |
If we have read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловнындерявлиде |
аволиде ловнындеря |
If you have read |
| 3rd plur. |
ловнындерявольть |
авольть ловнындеря |
If they have read |
Optative mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
ловназан |
илязан ловно |
Let me read |
| 2nd sing. |
ловназат |
илязат ловно |
Let you read |
| 3rd sing. |
ловназо |
илязо ловно |
Let him (her, it) read |
| 1st plur. |
ловназдано |
иляздано ловно |
Let us read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловназдадо |
иляздадо ловно |
Let you read |
| 3rd plur. |
ловнаст |
иляст ловно |
Let them read |
Imperative mood
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 2nd sing. |
ловнок |
иля ловно |
Read |
| 2nd plur. |
ловнодо |
илядо ловно |
Read |
Definite conjugation
Definite conjugation of verb кундамс “to catch”. For example, кундатан means “I
catch you (singular)”, кундаса means “I catch him”, кундатадызь means “I catch you (plural)”,
кундасынь means “I catch them” and so on.
Present
Me
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
кундасамак |
а кундасамак |
You catch me |
| 3rd sing. |
кундасамам |
а кундасамам |
He (she, it) catches me |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
кундасамизь |
а кундасамизь |
You catch me |
| 3rd plur. |
кундасамизь |
а кундасамизь |
They catch me |
You (singular)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундатан |
а кундатан |
I catch you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
кундатанзат |
а кундатанзат |
He (she, it) catches you |
| 1st plur. |
кундатадызь |
а кундатадызь |
We catch you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
кундатадызь |
а кундатадызь |
They catch you |
Him (her, it)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундаса |
а кундаса |
I catch him (her, it) |
| 2nd sing. |
кундасак |
а кундасак |
You catch him (her, it) |
| 3rd sing. |
кундасы |
а кундасы |
He (she, it) catches him (her, it) |
| 1st plur. |
кундасынек |
а кундасынек |
We catch him (her, it) |
| 2nd plur. |
кундасынк |
а кундасынк |
You catch him (her, it) |
| 3rd plur. |
кундасызь |
а кундасызь |
They catch him (her, it) |
Us
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
кундасамизь |
а кундасамизь |
You catch us |
| 3rd sing. |
кундасамизь |
а кундасамизь |
He (she, it) catches us |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
кундасамизь |
а кундасамизь |
You catch us |
| 3rd plur. |
кундасамизь |
а кундасамизь |
They catch us |
You (plural)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундатадызь |
а кундатадызь |
I catch you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
кундатадызь |
а кундатадызь |
He (she, it) catches you |
| 1st plur. |
кундатадызь |
а кундатадызь |
We catch you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
кундатадызь |
а кундатадызь |
They catch you |
Them
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундасынь |
а кундасынь |
I catch them |
| 2nd sing. |
кундасыть |
а кундасыть |
You catch them |
| 3rd sing. |
кундасынзе |
а кундасынзе |
He (she, it) catches them |
| 1st plur. |
кундасынек |
а кундасынек |
We catch them |
| 2nd plur. |
кундасынк |
а кундасынк |
You catch them |
| 3rd plur. |
кундасызь |
а кундасызь |
They catch them |
Past
Me
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
кундымик |
эзимик кунда |
You caught me |
| 3rd sing. |
кундымим |
эзимим кунда |
He (she, it) caught me |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
кундымизь |
эзимизь кунда |
You caught me |
| 3rd plur. |
кундымизь |
эзимизь кунда |
They caught me |
You (singular)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундытинь |
эзитинь кунда |
I caught you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
кундынзить |
эзинзить кунда |
He (she, it) caught you |
| 1st plur. |
кундыдизь |
эзидизь кунда |
We caught you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
кундыдизь |
эзидизь кунда |
They caught you |
Him (her, it)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундыя |
эзия кунда |
I caught him (her, it) |
| 2nd sing. |
кундык |
эзик кунда |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd sing. |
кундызе |
эзизе кунда |
He (she, it) caught him (her, it) |
| 1st plur. |
кундынек |
эзинек кунда |
We caught him (her, it) |
| 2nd plur. |
кундынк |
эзинк кунда |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd plur. |
кундызь |
эзизь кунда |
They caught him (her, it) |
Us
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd sing. |
кундымизь |
эзимизь кунда |
You caught us |
| 3rd sing. |
кундымизь |
эзимизь кунда |
He (she, it) caught us |
| 1st plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 2nd plur. |
кундымизь |
эзимизь кунда |
You caught us |
| 3rd plur. |
кундымизь |
эзимизь кунда |
They caught us |
You (plural)
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундыдизь |
эзидизь кунда |
I caught you |
| 2nd sing. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd sing. |
кундыдизь |
эзидизь кунда |
He (she, it) caught you |
| 1st plur. |
кундыдизь |
эзидизь кунда |
We caught you |
| 2nd plur. |
– |
– |
– |
| 3rd plur. |
кундыдизь |
эзидизь кунда |
They caught you |
Them
| Person |
Positive |
Negative |
Meaning |
| 1st sing. |
кундынь |
эзинь кунда |
I caught them |
| 2nd sing. |
кундыть |
эзить кунда |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd sing. |
кундынзе |
эзизе кунда |
He (she, it) caught him (her, it) |
| 1st plur. |
кундынек |
эзинек кунда |
We caught him (her, it) |
| 2nd plur. |
кундынк |
эзинк кунда |
You caught him (her, it) |
| 3rd plur. |
кундызь |
эзизь кунда |
They caught him (her, it) |